--- title: "Seriation" author: "N. Frerebeau" date: "`r Sys.Date()`" output: markdown::html_format: options: toc: true number_sections: true header-includes: - \usepackage{amsmath} - \usepackage{amssymb} bibliography: bibliography.bib vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Seriation} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::knitr} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8} --- ```{r setup, include = FALSE, echo=FALSE} knitr::opts_chunk$set( collapse = TRUE, comment = "#>" ) ``` ```{r packages} ## Install extra packages (if needed): ## - folio: datasets ## - tabula: visualization # install.packages(c("folio", "tabula")) # Load packages library(kairos) ``` ## Introduction The matrix seriation problem in archaeology is based on three conditions and two assumptions, which Dunnell (1970) summarizes as follows. The homogeneity conditions state that all the groups included in a seriation must: * Be of comparable duration, * Belong to the same cultural tradition, * Come from the same local area. The mathematical assumptions state that the distribution of any historical or temporal class: * Is continuous through time, * Exhibits the form of a unimodal curve. Theses assumptions create a distributional model and ordering is accomplished by arranging the matrix so that the class distributions approximate the required pattern. The resulting order is *inferred* to be chronological. ## Reciprocal ranking Reciprocal ranking iteratively rearrange rows and/or columns according to their weighted rank in the data matrix until convergence (Ihm 2005). For a given incidence matrix $C$: * The rows of $C$ are rearranged in increasing order of: $$ x_{i} = \sum_{j = 1}^{p} j \frac{c_{ij}}{c_{i \cdot}} $$ * The columns of $C$ are rearranged in a similar way: $$ y_{j} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} i \frac{c_{ij}}{c_{\cdot j}} $$ These two steps are repeated until convergence. Note that this procedure could enter into an infinite loop. ```{r reciprocal, fig.width=3.5, fig.height=3.5, out.width="50%", fig.show='hold'} ## Build an incidence matrix with random data set.seed(12345) bin <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 400, TRUE, c(0.6, 0.4)) incidence1 <- matrix(bin, nrow = 20) ## Get seriation order on rows and columns ## If no convergence is reached before the maximum number of iterations (100), ## it stops with a warning. (indices <- seriate_rank(incidence1, margin = c(1, 2), stop = 100)) ## Permute matrix rows and columns incidence2 <- permute(incidence1, indices) ## Plot matrix tabula::plot_heatmap(incidence1, col = c("white", "black")) tabula::plot_heatmap(incidence2, col = c("white", "black")) ``` The positive difference from the column mean percentage (in french "écart positif au pourcentage moyen", EPPM) represents a deviation from the situation of statistical independence (Desachy 2004). As independence can be interpreted as the absence of relationships between types and the chronological order of the assemblages, EPPM is a useful graphical tool to explore significance of relationship between rows and columns related to seriation (Desachy 2004). ```{r average, fig.width=7, fig.height=3.5} ## Replicates Desachy 2004 data("compiegne", package = "folio") ## Plot frequencies and EPPM values tabula::seriograph(compiegne) ## Get seriation order for columns on EPPM using the reciprocal ranking method ## Expected column order: N, A, C, K, P, L, B, E, I, M, D, G, O, J, F, H (indices <- seriate_rank(compiegne, EPPM = TRUE, margin = 2)) ## Permute columns compiegne_permuted <- permute(compiegne, indices) ## Plot frequencies and EPPM values tabula::seriograph(compiegne_permuted) ``` ## Correspondence analysis ### Seriation Correspondence Analysis (CA) is an effective method for the seriation of archaeological assemblages. The order of the rows and columns is given by the coordinates along one dimension of the CA space, assumed to account for temporal variation. The direction of temporal change within the correspondence analysis space is arbitrary: additional information is needed to determine the actual order in time. ```{r ca-ford, fig.width=7, fig.height=7} ## Data from Peeples and Schachner 2012 data("zuni", package = "folio") ## Ford diagram par(cex.axis = 0.7) tabula::plot_ford(zuni) ``` ```{r ca-seriation, fig.width=7, fig.height=7} ## Get row permutations from CA coordinates (zun_indices <- seriate_average(zuni, margin = c(1, 2))) ## Plot CA results biplot(zun_indices) ``` ```{r ca-permutation, fig.width=7, fig.height=7} ## Permute data matrix zuni_permuted <- permute(zuni, zun_indices) ## Ford diagram par(cex.axis = 0.7) tabula::plot_ford(zuni_permuted) ``` ### Refining Peeples and Schachner (2012) propose a procedure to identify samples that are subject to sampling error or samples that have underlying structural relationships and might be influencing the ordering along the CA space. This relies on a partial bootstrap approach to CA-based seriation where each sample is replicated `n` times. The maximum dimension length of the convex hull around the sample point cloud allows to remove samples for a given `cutoff` value. According to Peeples and Schachner (2012), "[this] point removal procedure [results in] a reduced dataset where the position of individuals within the CA are highly stable and which produces an ordering consistent with the assumptions of frequency seriation." ```{r bootstrap, fig.width=7, fig.height=7, out.width='50%', fig.show='hold'} ## Partial bootstrap CA ## Warning: this may take a few seconds! zuni_boot <- bootstrap(zun_indices, n = 30) ## Bootstrap CA results for the rows ## (add convex hull) zuni_boot |> viz_rows(col = "lightgrey", pch = 16, legend = NULL) |> viz_hull(col = adjustcolor("#004488", alpha = 0.2)) ## Bootstrap CA results for the columns zuni_boot |> viz_columns(pch = 16, legend = list(x = "topright")) ``` ```{r refine, fig.width=7, fig.height=7} ## Replicates Peeples and Schachner 2012 results ## Samples with convex hull maximum dimension length greater than the cutoff ## value will be marked for removal. ## Define cutoff as one standard deviation above the mean fun <- function(x) { mean(x) + sd(x) } (zuni_refine <- seriate_refine(zun_indices, cutoff = fun, margin = 1)) ## Plot CA results for the rows viz_rows(zuni_refine, highlight = "observation", pch = c(16, 15)) ``` ```{r refine-histogram, fig.width=5, fig.height=5} ## Histogram of convex hull maximum dimension length hist(zuni_refine) ``` ```{r refine-permutation, fig.width=7, fig.height=7} ## Permute data matrix zuni_permuted2 <- permute(zuni, zuni_refine) ## Ford diagram par(cex.axis = 0.7) tabula::plot_ford(zuni_permuted2) ``` ## References Desachy, B. (2004). Le sériographe EPPM: un outil informatisé de sériation graphique pour tableaux de comptages. *Revue archéologique de Picardie*, 3(1), 39-56. DOI: [10.3406/pica.2004.2396](https://doi.org/10.3406/pica.2004.2396). Dunnell, R. C. (1970). Seriation Method and Its Evaluation. *American Antiquity*, 35(03), 305-319. DOI: [10.2307/278341](https://doi.org/10.2307/278341). Ihm, P. (2005). A Contribution to the History of Seriation in Archaeology. In C. Weihs & W. Gaul (Eds.), *Classification: The Ubiquitous Challenge*. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, p. 307-316. DOI: [10.1007/3-540-28084-7_34](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28084-7_34). Peeples, M. A. & Schachner, G. (2012). Refining correspondence analysis-based ceramic seriation of regional data sets. *Journal of Archaeological Science*, 39(8), 2818-2827. DOI: [10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.040](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.040).